Example group · 24 comparisons
Privileges business-favoured actions through visual, linguistic or structural presentation of choices and information.
Select one example to inspect the complete problematic and neutral HTML interfaces. These fictional comparisons support learning and review. The group name is not an EU legal category, and visual similarity alone establishes no infringement.
Bundled options
A fictional ticket seller offers a concert ticket only through a control that also adds a city travel pass, although the travel component is separately deliverable and not required for entry.
Bundled options
A fictional service offers a core plan only as a bundle with premium support and data migration, while implying those extras can be removed later although no controls exist.
Choice or information overload
A fictional provider presents twenty-seven plans with inconsistent feature names, billing periods and footnote structures but offers no grouping, filters or stable comparison view.
Choice or information overload
A fictional signup consent screen lists forty overlapping purposes across five nested panels, with duplicated labels and no summary of the resulting state.
Complex or inaccessible language
A fictional service describes the effect of cancellation through a 220-word clause containing undefined terms and cross-references immediately before confirmation.
Complex or inaccessible language
A fictional shop presents product and basket information in English but switches mandatory fee and return text to another language on the payment screen.
Confirmshaming
A fictional checkout labels an €18 protection purchase “Protect my family” and the refusal “No, I do not care if they are at risk”.
Confirmshaming
A fictional service tells a subscriber that leaving will “let the whole community down” before each of three confirmation steps.
Disguised advertisement or action
A fictional marketplace gives a paid placement the same typography and ranking treatment as organic results, with “sponsored” hidden in a tooltip.
Disguised advertisement or action
A fictional app draws an “×” in the corner of an upgrade ad, but tapping it opens the purchase page instead of dismissing the ad.
False hierarchy
A fictional service displays a full-width coloured “Accept all” button while “Use necessary data only” is a faint text link after several paragraphs.
False hierarchy
A fictional software trial uses a large highlighted annual-upgrade card and places the existing monthly option as low-contrast text beneath testimonials.
Feedforward ambiguity
A fictional checkout ends with a button labelled only “Continue”, although activating it immediately places the €86 order.
Feedforward ambiguity
A fictional profile uses a switch labelled “Visibility” without saying whether the current position makes activity public or private.
Hidden information
A fictional rail booking page labels a fare “Flexible Saver” but places the fact that it is non-refundable inside a collapsed section reached only after passenger details.
Hidden information
A fictional repair plan headlines “Every appliance covered” but splits an exclusion for boilers across three collapsed help tabs reached only after booking.
Misleading reference pricing
A fictional store shows “Was €180, now €79” even though the jacket has never been offered for €180 and sells at €79 throughout the season.
Misleading reference pricing
A fictional booking service calls €90 a “40% member saving” by comparing it with a €150 flexible fare that is not offered for the same dates or conditions.
Preselection and defaults
A fictional retailer preselects a €12 protection plan and includes it in the total before the shopper has made a distinct choice.
Preselection and defaults
A fictional streaming service opens with the annual plan selected and highlights a monthly-equivalent figure while the payable annual total is smaller.
Pressured upselling
A fictional renewal screen repeatedly warns that keeping the current tier will leave files “unsafe”, although the security controls are identical across tiers.
Pressured upselling
A fictional booking flow places three sequential upgrade panels before room-only continuation and describes the basic booking as “missing the complete trip”.
Trick question
A fictional signup asks users to tick “Do not untick if you do not want to miss offers”, making the resulting marketing choice hard to predict.
Trick question
A fictional cancellation dialog asks “Are you sure you don’t want us not to keep your plan active?” before displaying yes and no buttons.
Evidence base